Energy efficiency of a hydrogen ICE is 20 to 25 percent better than that of a gasoline ICE, because a hydrogen ICE resembles a diesel engine in some of its operating characteristics. Specifically, hydrogen can be used at very lean air:fuel ratios, hydrogen can be used in higher-compression engines and a hydrogen-fueled engine can be controlled without a throttle.
If hydrogen is combusted near its stoichiometric air:fuel ratio, high combustion temperatures result in the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which have to be cleaned up by a catalytic converter. The formation of NOx can be mitigated by running the engine on a lean air:fuel ratio, which reduces combustion temperature. However, this strategy also reduces power and performance.
By volume, a vehicle uses 3.5 times more liquid hydrogen than gasoline
To attain low-emissions-vehicle (LEV) status in terms of NOx without a catalytic converter, the P2000 cruises at a very lean air:fuel ratio of 86:1, compared to hydrogen's stoichiometric ratio of 34.2:1.
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An oxygenated gasoline with 89% gasoline and 11% MTBE would then have a stoichiometric ratio of 14.281.
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